Types and Varieties of Conclusions in Logic and Expository Prose

Understanding the structure and techniques of constructing conclusions is crucial in both logical arguments and expository writing. Conclusions, whether in logic or prose, serve as the final statements that provide closure and reinforce the overall message.

Examples of Conclusions in Logic

In the realm of logic, a conclusion is a statement drawn from premises that are supported by the argument. Two common examples include Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens:

Modus Ponens: Premise 1: If A then B. Premise 2: A. Conclusion: Therefore, B. Modus Tollens: Premise 1: If A then B. Premise 2: Not B. Conclusion: Therefore, not A.

These examples illustrate the nature of logical conclusions, which depend on specific rules and reasoning applied to an argument. Whether in formal logic or expository writing, the structure and form of these conclusions remain crucial.

Common Varieties of Conclusions in Expository Prose

Expository writings often employ various types of conclusions to conclude an argument or narrative effectively. According to many rhetoric scholars, there are ten common varieties of conclusions that frequently appear in such prose:

Summary: A concise recap of the main points discussed in the text. Final Generalization: A broad statement that encapsulates the overall theme of the text. Final Inference: A logical deduction based on the premises presented. Striking Example: A potent example that leaves an impact on the reader. Analogy: Comparing the subject to something else to provide clarity and impact. Parting Question: A provocative question that prompts the reader to think further. Call to Action: An imperative statement that compels the reader to take a specific action. Forecast: A prediction of future outcomes or events. Denouement: A resolution or conclusive part of a narrative, often in literature or films. Narrative Materials: Concluding with a story or anecdote that reinforces the main message.

Each of these varieties serves a specific purpose in reinforcing the writer's message and leaving a lasting impact on the reader.

Logical and Illogical Conclusions

Conclusions come in two primary forms: logical and illogical. A logical conclusion is one that follows from true premises and adheres to sound reasoning. It should uphold the integrity of the argument and be trusted by the reader. On the other hand, an illogical conclusion arises from false premises or flawed reasoning. Such conclusions should not be trusted and can undermine the credibility of the argument.

For instance, if an argument is built on a premise that is factually incorrect, the conclusion drawn from that premise will also be incorrect. Identifying and avoiding illogical conclusions is essential in constructing sound and convincing arguments.

Forms of a Conclusion in Logical and Expository Writing

Conclusions can take on various forms, including summaries, recommendations, reflections, or a reiteration of the thesis statement. Effective conclusions should provide a sense of closure and leave a lasting impression on the reader. They should remind the reader of the key points, provide a final thought, and ideally, leave the reader with a sense of resonance and satisfaction.

A good concluding paragraph should be concise yet comprehensive, pushing the reader to reflect on the main ideas presented. It can also serve as a guide, offering a path forward for the reader or inviting further contemplation.

Conclusion

In summary, the types and varieties of conclusions are varied and serve different purposes in both logical reasoning and expository writing. Understanding how to construct a logical conclusion that follows sound reasoning is essential for effective argumentation. Similarly, knowing the different varieties of conclusions in expository writing can help writers create compelling and memorable endings that leave a lasting impact on their audience.