Dyslexia in Adolescents: Identifying and Diagnosing Missed Cases
Many individuals with dyslexia wonder if they could have had it earlier without being diagnosed. Dyslexia is a learning difference that can persist throughout life, but early recognition and intervention are crucial. This article explores the nuances of dyslexia, its potential for being overlooked during childhood, and the importance of accurate diagnosis in adolescence.
Understanding Dyslexia and Its Misdiagnosis
Dyslexia is a neurological condition that affects reading, writing, and spelling abilities. It is not solely a behavioral or psychological issue but involves differences in brain functioning. While dyslexia is present from birth, it is often missed in childhood.
Typically, dyslexia can be misinterpreted as a result of other factors such as low intelligence, poor teaching, or even visual problems. This misattribution can result in a delay in proper diagnosis and support. It's important to recognize that dyslexia is a lifelong condition that can impact various aspects of an individual's life, regardless of age.
The Case of Postponed Diagnosis
The author of this article, who has dyslexia, shares a personal experience. Although the symptoms of dyslexia were apparent, they were not diagnosed until later in adolescence. The primary coping mechanism was rote memorization, which masked the underlying dyslexia. This approach, while functional in the short term, did not address the root cause of the individual's academic struggles.
Dyslexia can affect the ability to understand and process information, leading to difficulties in many academic subjects. In the author's case, they did not fully comprehend what was being taught in class. This situation is not unique; many students may struggle silently without proper support.
Diagnosing Dyslexia: Criteria and Professional Help
For a precise diagnosis of dyslexia, it is crucial to seek professional help. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) provides specific criteria that aid in identifying dyslexia. Here are the key criteria:
Criteria A: Key Characteristics
Difficulty in mastering reading, writing, arithmetic skills: Individuals with dyslexia often struggle with specific academic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. These difficulties persist despite adequate intervention and support.
Provision of intervention: Even with the provision of appropriate teaching methods and support, the difficulties in mastering these skills continue, typically lasting for at least six months.
Criteria B: Measurement and Analysis
Substantially and quantifiably below expected levels: The individual's academic skills are significantly below what would be expected for their chronological age. This is measured through standardized achievement tests.
History of impairing learning difficulties: For those aged 17 and older, if an individual cannot provide standardized test results, a documented history of learning difficulties can be used to diagnose dyslexia.
Criteria C: Age of Onset
Early years of schooling: Dyslexia typically manifests during early academic years. However, it may not become fully apparent until young adulthood when the demands on academic skills exceed the individual's abilities.
Criteria D: Ruling Out Other Disorders
Other disorders: Dyslexia must be diagnosed by ruling out other conditions such as intellectual disabilities, auditory or visual acuity problems, other mental or neurological disorders, and adverse conditions.
Proper evaluation: A thorough evaluation must be conducted before confirming dyslexia as the underlying cause of learning difficulties.
Conclusion
Understanding dyslexia and diagnosing it properly are crucial for effective support and intervention. While dyslexia can be missed during early childhood, it is important to recognize the condition in adolescence. Early diagnosis and appropriate interventions can significantly improve academic and personal outcomes.
For those who suspect they may have dyslexia, seeking a professional diagnosis based on the criteria outlined in the DSM-V is essential. With accurate diagnosis and promptly addressing these needs, individuals with dyslexia can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.